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James Louis Garvin
James Louis Garvin (12 April 1868 – 23 January 1947) was an influential British journalist, editor, and author. In 1908 Garvin agreed to take over the editorship of the historic Sunday newspaper ''The Observer'', revolutionising Sunday journalism and restoring the paper, facing financial troubles at the time, to profitability in the process.
==Youth and early years in journalism==
The youngest of two children, Garvin was born in Birkenhead. His father, Michael Garvin, was an impoverished Irish labourer who died at sea when Garvin was two, leaving him to be raised by his mother Catherine. Though a voracious reader, he left school at the age of thirteen and worked first as a messenger, then as a clerk. His elder brother, Michael, became a teacher; his status as the family's primary source of income led them to move, first in 1884 to Hull, then to Newcastle five years later.
Despite undergoing examination to join the civil service, from an early age Garvin yearned to become an editor. As a teenager he contributed letters and articles to the ''Eastern Morning News'' and the Dublin ''Weekly Freeman'', much of which reflected his early advocacy for Home Rule. In 1891, Garvin applied to Joseph Cowen for a position at the ''Newcastle Evening Chronicle''. Given a position as a proof-reader and occasional contributor, Garvin spent the next eight years honing his skills as a journalist, with Cowen serving as his mentor and father-figure. Yet Garvin yearned for a larger stage, and by the end of the decade he became a regular (though anonymous) contributor to the ''Fortnightly Review'', then edited by W. L. Courtney.
Garvin's ambition extended beyond Newcastle, however. Through his association with Courtney, Garvin gained a position as a leader-writer for the ''Daily Telegraph'' in 1899. Moving to London, his writings on politics and literature soon earned him renown. By now his politics had changed, as he became a unionist and a follower of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1904, Garvin accepted the editorship of ''The Outlook'', a weekly publication which was being turned into a platform for the promotion of Chamberlain's scheme of tariff reform. Though ''The Outlook'' quickly saw a rise in circulation and influence, its failure to turn a profit led to the paper's sale and Garvin's exit two years later.
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